Section A: What is the UK Partner Visa?

The UK Partner Visa is part of the broader family visa route, allowing an eligible partner of someone in the UK to apply for permission to enter or remain in the country so the couple can live together long-term. It’s the main route for partners of British citizens, those with indefinite leave to remain or EU settled status, and certain others with long-term status. The partner route typically leads to a 5-year pathway to settlement, provided the requirements are met at each stage.

The term “partner” is defined broadly under the Immigration Rules, not limited to married couples. It includes spouses, civil partners, and unmarried partners, provided the relationship meets the durability test. This test looks at whether the couple have been in a genuine, long-term relationship, similar to marriage or a civil partnership, for at least two years—rather than just counting a fixed period of cohabitation.

Under Appendix FM, the partner route is distinct from other family categories, such as the parent route or the private life route. Caseworkers are instructed to assess applications under the partner provisions if the couple is in a genuine, subsisting relationship and meets the criteria, rather than redirecting the case to a different category with its own set of criteria and timeframes.

1. What is the UK Partner Visa under Appendix FM?

The UK Partner Visa allows eligible applicants to enter or remain in the UK based on their relationship with a qualifying partner. The rules for this visa primarily fall under Appendix FM and related appendices, which define the partner relationship and the evidential requirements for family life applications.

A successful application usually grants leave for 33 months if applying from outside the UK, or 30 months if applying from within the UK. Time spent on this visa counts towards a 5-year route to settlement, provided the applicant continues to meet the eligibility and suitability criteria at each stage.

For those unable to meet all the standard requirements, there is a 10-year partner route. This route applies when removal from the UK would breach the applicant’s rights to family life. It involves shorter periods of leave with closer monitoring and a longer path to settlement.

a. Partner Categories Covered by the Route

For the purposes of Appendix FM, the term “partner” includes three main categories:

1. Spouse: A legally valid and recognised marriage in the UK.

2. Civil Partner: A legally recognised civil partnership.

3. Unmarried Partner: A couple who have been in a durable relationship similar to marriage or a civil partnership for at least two years before applying.

The shift from a strict cohabitation requirement to a broader durability test means that work patterns, cultural factors, or previous visa restrictions no longer prevent eligibility. However, evidence must still show a committed, long-term relationship. Cohabitation remains strong evidence, but is no longer the only way to prove eligibility as an unmarried partner.

b. How Partner Visas Differ from Fiancé(e) and Other Family Routes

The partner visa differs from the fiancé(e) or proposed civil partner route, which is for couples intending to marry or enter into a civil partnership in the UK within a specified period. Applicants on the fiancé(e) route cannot work until they transition to the partner route after marriage or civil partnership.

The partner visa is also distinct from routes like the parent or private life routes. Where a couple is in a genuine partner relationship and meets the partner requirements, caseworkers are expected to assess the application under the partner provisions. The partner route typically offers a clearer and faster route to settlement compared to other family or private life routes.

2. Who Can Sponsor a UK Partner Visa?

The sponsor for a UK partner visa is the person already in the UK whose qualifying status the application is based on. To sponsor a partner, the person must typically be one of the following:

• A British or Irish citizen

• Someone with indefinite leave to remain (ILR) or settled status

• A person with pre-settled status under the EU Settlement Scheme

• A person with refugee status or humanitarian protection

• In some cases, certain Turkish workers or businesspeople can also sponsor a partner.

If the sponsor is returning to the UK from overseas with their partner, they must demonstrate that the UK will be their primary home and that they intend to settle together. Evidence such as employment and accommodation arrangements is typically required.

Sponsors must also pass suitability and character checks. Serious criminal convictions, recent offenses, or breaches of immigration rules can prevent someone from sponsoring a partner or result in a refusal, even if the relationship meets the partner criteria.

Sponsor Residence and Intention to Live Together

The rules require that the couple must intend to live together permanently in the UK if the application is successful. For applicants applying from overseas, the sponsor must already live in the UK or plan to return with the applicant soon after the visa is granted. For those applying from within the UK, the couple must intend to continue living together in the UK in line with immigration conditions.

If the sponsor has spent long periods outside the UK, the Home Office will assess whether the UK remains the centre of the couple’s family life. Evidence such as regular returns, ties to UK employment or property, and arrangements for children’s schooling can help demonstrate that the UK is still the settled base.

3. Applying Inside or Outside the UK

Applicants can apply for a partner visa either from outside the UK (as entry clearance) or from inside the UK (as leave to remain), as long as they meet the eligibility criteria and are not barred from switching by the rules. The route chosen affects fees, processing times, and the length of leave granted.

• Outside the UK: Applications are made through the online family visa system, followed by a biometrics appointment (or app process where available). Successful applicants are granted entry clearance via a vignette and later receive digital status or a Biometric Residence Permit (BRP) upon arrival in the UK.

• Inside the UK: Applications are made using the FLR(M) form. If granted, applicants receive leave to remain, continuing the 5-year or 10-year path to settlement.

Not all applicants can switch into the partner route from any category. Visitors, overstayers, and individuals with certain types of leave may face restrictions and may need to apply from overseas unless there are strong human rights grounds for an in-country application. The partner route also interacts with wider rules on switching and overstaying, as well as the specific requirements under Appendix FM.

Length of Leave and Route to Settlement

If granted the standard 5-year route, applicants typically receive two periods of limited leave, each lasting around 30 months, before applying for Indefinite Leave to Remain (ILR). At the settlement stage, they must show they still meet the continuous residence, relationship, financial, and English language requirements, and that they do not fall foul of the suitability rules.

After obtaining ILR, many partners go on to apply for British citizenship, which requires meeting nationality law tests related to residence, absences, and good character. Therefore, the partner visa is often the first stage in a longer journey toward permanent residence and citizenship in the UK.

The principle behind the partner visa is clear: to keep couples together and enable them to build their lives in the UK. However, the application process is far from sentimental—it’s a detailed, document-heavy procedure that requires careful planning.

Timing is crucial. Most couples aim for the 5-year route to Indefinite Leave to Remain (ILR), but this is only achievable if each application stage is granted successfully. Delays or refusals can disrupt this 5-year plan and may force you onto the 10-year pathway instead, which could extend the process significantly.

Section B: UK Partner Visa Eligibility Requirements

Eligibility for a UK partner visa is based on several core criteria. The Home Office will assess:

1. The genuineness and durability of the relationship

2. Financial requirements

3. English language proficiency

4. Suitable accommodation

5. Suitability criteria, such as criminal history and immigration compliance.

Each of these elements has specific rules and evidentiary requirements. A weak area can undermine an otherwise strong application, so careful planning is crucial to address potential vulnerabilities before submitting the form.

The visa route differs depending on whether the couple meets the main eligibility criteria:

• 5-year route: If all main eligibility requirements are met, the applicant typically qualifies for the 5-year route to Indefinite Leave to Remain (ILR).

• 10-year route: If certain requirements cannot be met but removal would breach family life rights, the applicant may be granted limited leave under the 10-year route.

Understanding which route applies is important for positioning the application, gathering the right evidence, and planning for future extensions and settlement.

1. Relationship Requirements

The relationship requirement is central to any partner visa application. The couple must demonstrate they are in a genuine and subsisting relationship that meets the definition of a partner under UK Immigration Rules.

• Spouses and civil partners must have a legally valid and recognised marriage or civil partnership in the UK.

• Unmarried partners must show a durable relationship similar to marriage or civil partnership, typically lasting at least two years before applying.

Evidence should demonstrate a shared life, emotional commitment, and an ongoing intention to live together in the UK.

The Home Office will also require evidence that any previous relationships have ended permanently, such as divorce decrees, dissolution orders, or proof of a former spouse’s death. Inconsistent or incomplete information about prior relationships may raise credibility concerns and affect the application.

a. Genuine and Subsisting Partnership

To prove a genuine relationship, applicants must provide both documentary and narrative evidence, such as:

• Joint tenancy agreements

• Shared bank statements and bills

• Official correspondence to the same address

For couples who haven’t lived together continuously, supplementary evidence like travel tickets, photographs, communication logs, and money transfers can show ongoing commitment. The Home Office will focus on patterns over time rather than isolated documents.

Consistency is key. The details on the application form, supporting documents, and relationship evidence must align. Timelines of when the couple met, when they started living together, and key events (e.g., weddings, children) should match across documents. Any gaps or unusual features (e.g., long separations, quick marriage timelines) won’t automatically result in refusal but will likely trigger closer scrutiny. Ensure clear explanations and supporting evidence for any discrepancies.

b. Intention to Live Together in the UK

The couple must also prove they intend to live together permanently in the UK after the visa is granted.

• For overseas applicants, the sponsor must either already live in the UK or have concrete plans to return once the visa is granted. Evidence could include accommodation arrangements, job offers, or plans for children’s schooling to show that the UK will be their family home. If the sponsor has spent long periods abroad, evidence must show that the UK will be the centre of their family life.

• For in-country applications, the focus is on continuity. The Home Office expects to see that the couple already lives together in the UK. If there’s been a recent move or temporary separation, a clear explanation and evidence (e.g., updated tenancy agreements, utility bills) should demonstrate that the couple’s intention to live together permanently hasn’t changed.

2. Financial Requirement

The financial requirement is one of the most technical and high-risk aspects of a UK partner visa application. The Home Office sets a minimum income threshold that must be met, typically through the sponsor’s earnings, the applicant’s earnings (where permitted), or a combination of both, along with qualifying cash savings. The specific figures and combinations can change, so always check the latest rules and guidance when applying.

It’s not enough to simply know that the couple earns above the required threshold; you must evidence that income in the precise way the Home Office mandates. Failure to meet these evidential requirements is a common reason for refusals, even when financial stability is demonstrated.

The income can come from various sources:

• Salaried or non-salaried employment

• Self-employment

• Director’s income from a limited company

• Pensions

• Other qualifying sources

Each source has its own calculation method and mandatory evidence list (e.g., payslips, bank statements, tax returns). If using cash savings to meet the requirement, they must have been held in acceptable accounts for a specific period, and you must apply the correct formula to calculate their contribution.

a. Whose Income Can Count

• For most applications, the sponsor’s income is the starting point. If the sponsor is in the UK and has worked for the same employer for a period, their salary can be used, following the required evidence rules (e.g., payslips and bank statements).

• In some cases, particularly for in-country applicants who already hold permission to work, the applicant’s income can also be considered. Joint income provides flexibility but must meet the documentation rules for each person’s earnings.

• Special rules apply for sponsors returning to the UK from overseas. They may rely on projected income from a confirmed UK job offer, and in some cases, overseas income can be included to show a stable earnings history. These cases require careful matching of evidence to the specific category used (e.g., employment, self-employment).

b. Exceptions to the Financial Requirement

There are limited exceptions to the financial requirement:

• Specified benefits: If the sponsor receives benefits linked to disability or caring responsibilities, the couple must demonstrate they have adequate maintenance and accommodation without recourse to further public funds, instead of meeting the income threshold. This requires evidence like benefit letters, bank statements, and a detailed picture of income and outgoings.

• Wider family life provisions: If the couple cannot meet the income requirement, the Home Office may consider their broader financial and practical circumstances under the family life provisions. This usually applies to 10-year route cases and requires a strong argument under Article 8 (right to family life). These cases are more complex and involve higher litigation risk, so they require detailed evidence and a clear strategy.

3. English Language & Accommodation Requirements

English Language Requirement

For partner visa applications, English language proficiency is a crucial element. Applicants must demonstrate that they meet the required standard at both the initial application and at later stages, including extensions and settlement.

• Initial application: The English language requirement for first-time applicants is relatively modest but must be satisfied in one of the prescribed ways unless an exemption applies. Acceptable methods to meet the English language requirement include:

  • Passing an approved English language test at the required level with a recognised provider.

  • Holding a qualifying degree that was taught in English.

  • Being a national of a majority English-speaking country.

• Exemptions: There are some exemptions, such as age or certain medical conditions. These exemptions are narrowly interpreted, and applicants must provide clear evidence to support the claim.

• Extension & Settlement Applications: For extension and settlement applications, the required English language level increases. If the applicant did not provide an English language qualification that meets the higher level at the initial stage, they will need to provide an updated qualification or pass a more advanced test. It’s important to check the Home Office’s approved list of providers and ensure the test results are still valid under the current rules. Reusing earlier test results is possible but only if they meet the required level for the application stage.

a. Accommodation Requirement

The accommodation requirement ensures that the couple will live in housing that meets the necessary standards of space and safety. The Home Office checks that:

• Accommodation is adequate: The housing must meet the standards set in UK overcrowding legislation. This is not about luxury or excessive space, but ensuring the property is suitable for the couple’s household needs.

• No reliance on public funds: The couple must show they can support themselves in their accommodation without needing public assistance.

Accepted evidence of accommodation:

• If renting: Provide tenancy agreements, letters from landlords, and evidence of rent payments.

• If owning: Provide title deeds, mortgage statements, and utility bills.

• If staying with family/friends: Provide written consent from the host (showing their agreement to accommodate the couple) and evidence that the host has the right to occupy and the ability to provide accommodation.

Potential problems arise in cases where the accommodation is informal, such as cash-in-hand arrangements with no formal tenancy agreement. In such cases, documentation may be lacking, making it harder to prove that the accommodation meets the required standards.

To support cases where accommodation may seem informal or unconventional (e.g., living with extended family), some applicants opt to get an independent housing report to demonstrate that the property is suitable and does not risk overcrowding.

4. Suitability & Immigration History

Suitability requirements run alongside eligibility rules. Even where the relationship, financial, English language, and accommodation requirements are met, an application can still be refused if certain suitability factors apply. These include serious or recent criminal convictions, behavior that is considered not conducive to the public good, dishonesty in previous applications, or unpaid NHS charges above a defined threshold. The Home Office also looks at whether a person has breached immigration laws through overstaying, illegal working, or failing to comply with conditions, and different consequences follow depending on timing and the precise breach.

Not every negative factor leads automatically to refusal, but anything that suggests dishonesty or deliberate flouting of the rules tends to carry significant weight. Some issues can be mitigated, for example where there has been a short period of overstaying that falls within a limited concession, or where there is strong evidence of rehabilitation after older offences. Others, such as recent serious offending or sham marriage concerns, can block an application altogether and may require a longer-term approach before any future partner application is likely to succeed.

Applicants can often underestimate just how rigid the ‘specified evidence’ rules are and don’t realise the Home Office applies them mechanically. Miss out even one document and the whole application, and your long-term UK plans, are at serious risk.

Most couples’ day-to-day lives are not as straightforward as the rules demand, so work is going to be needed to get evidence in order in a way that aligns precisely with the requirements. Income fluctuations, multiple jobs, or self-employment are all common scenarios now, but they still have to fit into the Home Office framework.

Returning British citizens should also brace for additional scrutiny; caseworkers will examine whether the UK is genuinely the couple’s intended permanent home, and vague or flimsy relocation plans are a common reason for refusal.

Section C: UK Partner Visa Supporting Documents

The quality and completeness of the evidence often determines the success of a partner visa application. The Home Office expects clear, consistent documentation that aligns with the information provided in the form and any relationship statements. Decision makers are trained to look for internal consistency, accurate dates, reliable sources, and a coherent narrative across the file. Small errors, missing pages, or documents that appear altered can slow down the assessment or lead to refusal. Preparing the evidence early and cross-checking each document against the Rules is vital to avoid gaps that undermine the overall application.

The documentation needed varies depending on the couple’s circumstances, the income category being relied on, and whether the application is made inside or outside the UK. Some items, such as passports and relationship evidence, feature in almost every case. Others, such as company accounts or tenancy agreements, are specific to the couple’s financial or living arrangements. Applicants should avoid overloading the file with large quantities of low-value material; instead, high-quality documents that directly address the requirements for the route tend to carry more weight.

1. Identity and Status Documents

Every application needs the applicant’s current passport or travel document. Where older passports contain relevant immigration history, they should also be included if available. A clear copy of the sponsor’s passport or national identity document is required to show their identity and qualifying status. Where the sponsor relies on indefinite leave to remain, pre-settled status, or settled status, evidence of that status must also be provided. Digital evidence from government accounts is acceptable where the status is held electronically, but applicants should still include the reference numbers and screenshots so the decision maker can match the records quickly.

Where the sponsor holds refugee status, humanitarian protection, or certain Turkish worker or businessperson rights, documents confirming that status are needed. If the sponsor is a returning British citizen or settled person who has been living abroad, evidence of previous residence in the UK may also help demonstrate their link to the UK for the purposes of the application. Keeping identity documentation consistent and up to date is vital; mismatched names, missing pages, or outdated evidence can cause delays or raise unnecessary questions.

If children are applying at the same time, each child needs a full birth certificate showing both parents where possible, or evidence explaining why this is not available. Where one parent has sole responsibility or has legal permission for the child to relocate, court orders or written consent are needed. Evidence also needs to show that the child will be adequately supported and accommodated in the UK without relying on public funds. In cases where children from previous relationships are involved, decision makers look carefully at the arrangements and the involvement of the other parent, so the file needs to provide a clear and consistent picture.

2. Relationship Evidence

Relationship evidence directly supports the requirement that the partnership is genuine, subsisting, and meets the definition under the Rules. The most persuasive evidence usually includes documents that show the couple share a household or, where that has not been possible, that they maintain regular, meaningful contact. The Home Office expects evidence to cover the whole relevant period rather than a brief snapshot. A well-organised bundle that sets out the history of the relationship in clear chronological order makes the assessment easier and reduces the chance of misunderstanding.

For married or civil-partnered couples, a marriage certificate or civil partnership certificate must be included. Where either partner has previously been married or in a civil partnership, divorce decrees, dissolution orders, or death certificates are required to show that any previous relationship has ended. For unmarried partners, evidence of a durable relationship similar to marriage or a civil partnership is required, supported by at least two years of cohabitation or, where that has not been possible, substantial evidence of sustained commitment and regular contact.

Persuasive relationship evidence often includes joint tenancy agreements or mortgage statements, joint utility bills, joint bank statements, and other official documents sent to both partners at the same address over a period of time. Where cohabitation has not been continuous, evidence such as flight bookings, passport stamps, hotel records, photographs taken over time, communication logs, and money transfers can demonstrate ongoing contact and commitment.

Decision makers look for coherence across the file. If the timeline in the application form does not align with the dates in the relationship evidence, credibility concerns can arise. A short, well-written summary of the relationship can help anchor the narrative and guide the caseworker through the evidence without acting as a substitute for the required documentation.

3. Financial documents

Financial evidence is one of the most technical parts of a partner visa application. The Rules require specific documents for each category of income, and decision makers apply these rules strictly. Missing documents, bank statements that do not cover the full period, payslips that do not match bank deposits or incomplete company accounts can all lead to refusal. Applicants should go through each income category carefully and ensure that every required document is included in the correct format.

For salaried income, mandatory evidence usually includes payslips for the relevant period, corresponding bank statements showing the salary deposits and a letter from the employer confirming details such as employment start date, salary, type of contract and whether the payslips are genuine. For self-employment, documents can include tax returns, HMRC tax calculations, business accounts and bank statements. Director income from a specified limited company requires the company’s accounts, corporate bank statements, dividend vouchers and payroll records.

Where the couple rely on cash savings, bank statements covering the entire required period must be provided. The statements need to show the funds held throughout the relevant months, that the money is held in accessible accounts and that the origin of any large deposits can be explained. Funds that come from loans or gifts intended to be repaid usually cannot count. Applicants should calculate the usable savings under the formula set out in the Rules and ensure that the figure is consistent across the form and evidence.

4. Accommodation evidence

Accommodation evidence needs to show that the couple will live in adequate housing without overcrowding and without relying on public funds. Tenancy agreements, letters from landlords, mortgage statements, and title deeds are commonly used documents. Utility bills and council tax records help show occupation and the size of the accommodation. Where the couple will live with family or friends, the accommodation evidence needs to include written consent from the host, proof of the host’s right to occupy the property, and evidence that the property is large enough for the household.

Where there is any doubt about the size or suitability of the property, some applicants choose to commission an independent housing report. Although not mandatory, such a report can help clarify the layout and confirm that the accommodation meets the relevant overcrowding standards.

5. Additional supporting documents

Additional documents may be necessary depending on the circumstances of the case. For example, where there are medical conditions relevant to an exemption from the English language requirement, medical evidence must be provided from a qualified professional. Where the applicant has lived in certain countries for prolonged periods, tuberculosis test certificates may be needed. Police certificates are sometimes required depending on the nature of the applicant’s previous residence in certain jurisdictions.

Applicants should ensure that translations are provided for any document not in English or Welsh. The translation needs to meet the Home Office’s requirements by confirming the translator’s qualifications and that the translation is an accurate representation of the original document. Poor translation quality or partial translations can raise doubts about the reliability of the evidence and delay the decision.

Relationship evidence is a common pain point. Inconsistencies between personal statements, addresses on documents, or the timing of key events are red flags that can raise credibility issues for even the most genuine of relationships.

Unmarried partners are especially exposed if they assume cohabitation alone is enough. If you can’t evidence it, to the Home Office, it did not happen.

The Home Office will not usually request missing documents unless the caseworker chooses to, so relying on a “they will ask if they need more” mindset is extremely high risk.

Section D: How to Apply for a UK Partner Visa

Applying for a UK partner visa involves a structured process that requires careful preparation, accurate documentation, and a full understanding of the procedural rules. The steps differ slightly depending on whether the application is made outside the UK for entry clearance or from inside the UK for leave to remain. Timelines, costs, and methods for providing biometrics also vary. Throughout the process, the Home Office expects consistency across the form, evidence, and declarations. Any gaps or errors can slow down the decision or result in refusal, so planning the sequence of steps is as important as preparing the underlying documents.

Most partner visa applications are made online. The applicant completes the relevant form, uploads evidence, pays the fees, and either books a biometrics appointment or, where available, uses the app-based identity verification process. Decision makers rely heavily on what is provided at the point of submission, and correcting mistakes usually requires withdrawing the application and submitting again, with further fees. Understanding the timing and the practical requirements helps applicants avoid common pitfalls and ensure the application is complete on submission.

Applicants should avoid travel while an in-country application is pending. Leaving the UK before a decision is made is treated as withdrawing the application. This can cause problems with continuity of residence for the 5-year route and may delay the overall settlement pathway. Applicants therefore need to plan travel commitments around the application timeline and factor in possible delays in processing.

1. Applying from outside the UK (entry clearance)

Applicants outside the UK usually apply for entry clearance through the dedicated online family visa route. After completing the form, the applicant pays the application fee and the Immigration Health Surcharge for the full duration of the visa. The next step is to verify identity either by booking a biometrics appointment at a visa application centre or by using an app-based process where the country supports that option. The applicant must ensure the passport submitted matches the details in the form and that all supporting evidence is uploaded in the correct format.

Once the application is submitted, the Home Office begins assessing the evidence. Processing times vary by location and by the time of year. Priority services may be available in some countries at additional cost, although these do not guarantee a decision within a fixed number of days. When the application is approved, the applicant receives an entry clearance vignette valid for a short period to allow travel to the UK. After arrival, digital status is usually issued, or a Biometric Residence Permit is collected where the digital process is not yet available.

2. Applying from inside the UK (leave to remain)

Applicants already in the UK with valid immigration permission may be able to apply for leave to remain as a partner using the FLR(M) form. The application process involves completing the online form, uploading evidence, and paying the relevant fee and the Immigration Health Surcharge. The applicant then either uses the digital identity verification app, where available, or books an appointment at a UKVCAS service point to enrol biometrics.

Applicants should ensure they remain within the rules on switching. Certain categories, such as visitors, generally cannot switch into the partner route from inside the UK unless there are strong human rights reasons. Overstaying should also be handled with care, as the length and circumstances of an overstay can affect the validity of the application and may trigger refusal on suitability grounds. Where switching is permitted, the applicant needs to ensure their existing leave is still valid on the date of application to avoid gaps in their immigration record.

3. Partner Visa application fees

Partner visa fees differ depending on whether the application is made outside or inside the UK. The application fee is paid at the point of submission along with the Immigration Health Surcharge, which is payable for the full duration of leave. Applicants should check the current fees at the time of applying as they are subject to regular updates.

4. Partner Visa Processing Time

Processing times for a partner visa application can vary significantly. Overseas applications often take several months to process, although some applicants may have the option to pay for priority services to expedite the process. In-country applications also take several months, depending on demand and whether the applicant opts for a standard or priority application. However, the Home Office does not guarantee processing times, even when priority services are selected, so applicants should avoid making fixed travel or work plans until a decision has been received.

Once the form, fees, and evidence are submitted, the Home Office will verify biometrics and review the documents. Decision-makers will look for completeness, clarity, and consistency across the evidence provided. If any concerns arise or further clarification is needed, the Home Office may request additional information. However, this is at their discretion, and applicants should not assume that the Home Office will ask for further documentation. Most decisions are made based solely on the documents initially submitted.

5. Switching categories

Not all categories permit switching into the partner route from inside the UK. Visitors and short-term stay categories generally cannot switch unless human rights grounds apply. Student visa holders, Skilled Workers and some other categories may switch provided they meet the partner requirements and apply before their existing leave expires. Applicants need to check whether any work restrictions will apply while the new application is pending.

Mistakes during the application process can be costly. A simple typo on the form or uploading the wrong document can invalidate your entire application, forcing you to resubmit and pay the fees again. These errors can delay your plans and potentially result in additional complications.

It’s crucial to double-check the switching rules. Ensure that you are eligible to apply for the partner visa from within the UK on your current immigration status. If you’re not eligible, you may have to leave the UK and apply from overseas. This is a basic yet vital point that could end your application before it even begins.

Additionally, if you’re applying from within the UK, remember not to travel overseas during the application process. Leaving the UK while your partner visa application is pending will automatically withdraw your application, which could cause significant delays or complications with your visa status. Always plan your travel around the timing of your application to avoid unnecessary risks.

Section E: After Approval – Visa Conditions, Extensions & ILR

If the application is approved, the applicant will receive either a digital status confirmation or, where applicable, a Biometric Residence Permit (BRP). If refused, the decision letter will explain the reasons for refusal and whether the applicant has a right of appeal or administrative review. Where an appeal is available, the applicant must act within the deadlines set out in the refusal notice.

Once a partner visa is granted, the focus shifts from securing the initial approval to managing the conditions of stay, planning for the next extension and preparing for settlement. The grant of leave comes with specific conditions on work, study and access to public funds, together with expectations about how the relationship and residence in the UK will be maintained. Decisions taken in this period, including travel patterns, employment choices and how quickly issues are addressed if the relationship changes, can all affect later extension and indefinite leave to remain applications.

A standard partner visa granted under the 5-year route usually runs for around 30 months at a time, with entry clearance including a short extra period to allow for travel. Before each grant expires, the applicant needs to apply for further leave or settlement, depending on how long they have been in the route. The Home Office will reassess the relationship, financial, English language and accommodation requirements as well as suitability each time, so the way the couple manage their affairs after the initial grant directly influences the strength of the next application.

1. Visa conditions after grant

Partner visa holders are usually granted broad permission to work and study in the UK. In most cases, there are no restrictions on the type of work or number of hours, which means the holder can take employment, be self-employed, or run a business, subject to any separate professional or regulatory requirements. Study is also permitted, although certain courses may trigger separate requirements such as ATAS clearance, which sit outside the family route but still need to be observed.

The key limitation on a partner visa is access to public funds. In almost all cases, the grant of leave will include a condition that the holder is not entitled to claim public funds as defined in the Immigration Rules. Breaching the public funds condition can cause serious problems at extension or settlement and can lead to enforcement action. There is a process for applying to have the condition lifted where the couple face genuine destitution or risks such as domestic abuse, but that process involves separate evidence and is not automatic.

a. Work, study and travel

In practice, many partners rely on their right to work to contribute to the household income, which can be important for meeting the financial requirement at extension or settlement. Changes in employment, such as moving from salaried to self-employment, can have significant evidential consequences, so it is sensible to factor immigration rules into career decisions where possible. The freedom to study can also be helpful where professional retraining or upskilling is part of the couple’s long-term plan for life in the UK.

Travel outside the UK is permitted, but long or frequent absences can raise questions at extension or ILR about whether the couple are genuinely living together in the UK as their main home. Short holidays, work trips, and family visits overseas are normal. However, extended stays abroad, especially if the couple spend more time outside the UK than inside, can cause decision makers to query whether the partner route remains the appropriate basis for residence. Keeping a clear record of travel and reasons for longer absences can help manage these issues later on.

b. Reporting changes and maintaining records

Partner visa holders are expected to keep their immigration records up to date. Changes such as a new home address, a new passport, or a change in contact details should be reported through the appropriate Home Office channels. Where digital status has been granted, account details need to be kept secure and contact information current because the Home Office uses those details for status updates and checks.

Couples should also maintain a sensible level of ongoing documentation that shows the relationship and life in the UK are continuing. Waiting until just before an extension or ILR application to collect evidence can leave gaps that are hard to fill, especially for periods several years in the past. Keeping organised records of housing, finances, and household bills as you go along will make later applications much easier to support.

2. Extending a UK partner visa

Before the first period of partner leave expires, most applicants on the 5-year route need to apply for further leave to remain as a partner. The extension application largely revisits the same areas as the initial application. The couple need to show that the relationship remains genuine and subsisting, that they still intend to live together permanently in the UK, that they meet the financial and accommodation requirements, and that the applicant meets the English language requirement at the level set for extensions.

The extension is usually granted for a further period of around 30 months. Time spent on the initial grant and the extension together should give the 5 years needed for ILR, provided there are no significant breaks or switches out of the route. Where the couple cannot meet the full eligibility requirements at extension but removal would breach their family life rights, the Home Office can grant further leave on the 10-year route instead, which carries different timelines for settlement and may require a strategic decision about whether to switch route later.

a. Timing and continuity of leave

Applications for extension should be made before the current leave expires. If the application is submitted in time and is valid, section 3C of the Immigration Act 1971 can extend the existing leave while the new application is decided. That protection is valuable for work and residence continuity, so the timing of submission needs to be planned carefully. Leaving the application too late risks accidental overstaying if something goes wrong with payment, biometrics, or validity.

Applicants should also consider how the timing of the extension interacts with the 5-year ILR threshold. Applying significantly early can mean that the total time on the route is slightly longer than 5 years before ILR is available, which may have cost implications because of the Immigration Health Surcharge. Applying very close to expiry can increase the stress if the system is busy or appointments are scarce. A balanced approach that leaves time to deal with unexpected issues is usually safer.

b. Meeting the requirements again at extension

At extension, the Home Office will not simply assume that the requirements continue to be met. The couple need to show updated evidence of cohabitation or, where they do not live together for part of the time, a clear explanation and supporting documents that show the relationship is still genuine and subsisting. Financial evidence needs to be refreshed and aligned with the current minimum income threshold and the income category being relied on. Any changes in employment, self-employment, or company structure need to be reflected in the chosen category and evidence.

The English language requirement may change between the initial grant and the extension, so applicants should check whether a fresh test or a different qualification is now required. Where the applicant relied on an exemption at the first stage, they may need to show that the exemption still applies. Suitability is also reassessed, so any new criminal convictions, civil penalties, or immigration breaches since the last grant will be scrutinised and can affect the outcome.

3. Indefinite Leave to Remain as a Partner

After completing the required period on the partner route, many applicants become eligible to apply for indefinite leave to remain (ILR). On the standard 5-year route, that usually means two consecutive grants of limited leave as a partner, amounting to at least 60 months in total, with no significant breaks in residence or switches that reset the clock. On the 10-year route, four grants of 30 months are usually required. Time on the 10-year route does not usually count towards the 5-year route, although a switch from the 10-year route to the 5-year route is possible once the full eligibility requirements can be met.

An ILR application as a partner revisits many of the same areas as previous applications but with a higher bar in some respects. The applicant needs to show that the relationship remains genuine and subsisting, that the couple have lived together in the UK or have good reasons for any departures from that pattern, and that the financial, accommodation, and suitability requirements continue to be met. There is also a higher English language requirement and the need to pass the Life in the UK Test, subject to exemptions for age or serious medical conditions.

a. ILR on the 5-year and 10-year partner routes

On the 5-year partner route, decision makers expect to see a continuous history of residence as a partner in the UK with only brief, explained absences. There is no strict day-count rule in the same form as some work routes, but long periods overseas can still raise questions about whether the UK remains the main home. The evidence of cohabitation, finances, and family life needs to cover the full period since the last grant in a coherent way.

On the 10-year route, the focus is on whether the person meets the family life rules as adapted for that route and has accrued the full 10 years of qualifying residence. In some cases, partners on the 10-year route may instead consider applying for long residence ILR under the separate 10-year continuous lawful residence provisions if their time in the UK includes a mixture of different categories. Choosing the right route to settlement is often a strategic decision that depends on the strength of the relationship evidence, financial position, and wider immigration history.

b. Relationship breakdown, bereavement & domestic abuse

If the relationship breaks down before ILR is granted, the partner route cannot usually continue. The Home Office expects to be notified when the relationship ends, and curtailment of leave is likely. However, there are specific routes for partners who experience domestic abuse and for bereaved partners where the sponsoring partner has died. In those circumstances, the person may still be able to obtain settlement without needing to remain in a subsisting relationship.

Where the relationship ends but no domestic abuse or bereavement route applies, the applicant needs to consider other options, such as switching into a work or study route if eligible, or leaving the UK. Remaining in the UK without valid leave risks enforcement action and will damage the prospects of any future application, including under different categories. Early, realistic assessment of options at the point of a relationship breakdown can limit longer-term immigration damage.

4. British citizenship after ILR

Once indefinite leave to remain has been held for the required period, many partners will be able to consider applying for British citizenship, usually by naturalisation. The relevant period is often 12 months after ILR is granted, although where the partner is married to a British citizen, it may be possible to apply as soon as ILR is obtained, provided the statutory residence and absence limits are met. Good character, ongoing intention to make the UK the main home and, where relevant, continued use of English and knowledge of life in the UK are all assessed at the nationality stage.

Planning for citizenship should start before the ILR application, particularly in relation to travel patterns and any issues that could affect the good character assessment, such as unpaid tax, civil penalties or minor criminal matters. Managing those issues early reduces the risk of a later surprise refusal at the nationality stage after years of careful compliance on the partner route.

If you have long-term aspirations to stay in the UK on the basis of your relationship, the initial partner visa will just be the start of your Home Office journey. So once your visa is granted, don’t be tempted to relax and forget your plans.

The extension and any subsequent ILR applications will be treated as new, fresh applications, so you have to start the whole persuasion exercise again. There’s no goodwill for having already previously been granted a visa; you have to show you continue to be eligible and have spent the time in the UK on the visa in full compliance and without issue. Save your evidence as you go and build your visa extension application file over time, because those 2.5 years quickly come around.

Section F: Summary

The partner visa route under Appendix FM provides a structured pathway for couples who want to build their lives together in the UK, but the requirements at each stage are detailed and consistently applied. Every application is assessed on the strength of the evidence presented, the clarity of the couple’s circumstances, and the consistency of their immigration and relationship history. Meeting the financial requirement, evidencing a genuine relationship, and maintaining compliance between each grant of leave are the factors that most often determine whether the route proceeds smoothly or becomes more complicated. Planning ahead, keeping records organised, and addressing issues early make the difference between a straightforward extension and a challenging ILR application. Many couples find that a methodical approach across the entire 5-year route helps them stay on track for settlement without last-minute pressures or gaps that are difficult to correct later.

Section G: Need Assistance?

For tailored guidance on your partner visa application, extensions, or settlement planning, book a fixed fee telephone consultation with our specialist advisers. We can review your circumstances, identify any risks, and help you prepare a strong, well-evidenced application.

Section H: FAQs

How long does a UK partner visa take to process?

Processing times vary throughout the year and by location. Overseas applications often take several months, while in-country applications can also take significant time depending on demand. Priority services may be available, although they do not guarantee a fixed decision timeframe.

Can I work in the UK on a partner visa?

Most partner visa holders have full permission to work in the UK without restrictions on the type of work or hours, which can help meet the financial requirement at extension and settlement.

Do we need to live together before applying?

Cohabitation is strong evidence for a partner application, especially for unmarried partners, but it is not always mandatory. Applicants who have not lived together need robust evidence of a durable, committed relationship.

What happens if our financial circumstances change before extension?

The Home Office reassesses the financial requirement at each stage, so updated income or savings evidence is required. Changes in employment type or structure may need a different evidential approach. Early planning helps avoid gaps at extension.

Can I travel while an in-country partner visa application is pending?

Leaving the UK before a decision is made is treated as withdrawing the application. Applicants should avoid travel until they receive confirmation that their new leave has been granted.

Does time on another visa count towards the 5-year partner route?

Time spent on other categories does not usually count towards the 5-year partner settlement requirement. Only time granted as a partner under the 5-year route counts.

What if our relationship ends before ILR?

If the relationship ends, the partner route normally cannot continue. There are separate provisions for domestic abuse or bereavement. Otherwise, the person may need to switch into another route if eligible or leave the UK.

Do partner visa holders have access to public funds?

Partner visa holders are usually subject to a no recourse to public funds condition. Breaching this condition can cause problems at future stages unless a formal request is made to lift it due to destitution or other qualifying circumstances.

Is the Life in the UK Test required?

The Life in the UK Test is not required for the initial or extension partner applications but is required for ILR unless an exemption applies.

Can we switch from the 10-year route to the 5-year route later?

Switching is possible once the full eligibility requirements for the 5-year route can be met. The time already spent on the 10-year route does not transfer to the 5-year route, so settlement timelines will change.

Section I: Glossary

Term	Definition
Appendix FM	The section of the Immigration Rules that governs family visas, including partners, parents and children.
FLR(M)	The online form used for in-country applications for leave to remain as a partner or dependent child of a partner.
Entry clearance	Permission granted overseas to enter the UK in a specific visa category.
Indefinite leave to remain (ILR)	Permission to stay in the UK permanently without a time limit.
No recourse to public funds	A visa condition that restricts access to most welfare benefits and certain housing support.
Durable relationship	A long-term committed partnership similar to marriage or civil partnership, usually evidenced over at least two years.
Section 3C leave	Automatic extension of leave while an in-time application to extend or switch remains pending.
Specified evidence	Documents that must be provided in the exact format required by the Immigration Rules, especially for financial requirements.
Immigration Health Surcharge (IHS)	A compulsory payment made with visa applications that gives access to the NHS on the same basis as UK residents.
Suitability requirements	Rules assessing factors such as criminality, dishonesty or immigration breaches that may lead to refusal.

 

Section J: Additional Resources & Links

Resource	Description	Link
Family visas: apply, extend or switch	Government guidance on partner, spouse and dependent visa applications.	https://www.gov.uk/uk-family-visa
Appendix FM: Family Members	The Immigration Rules covering partner, parent and child routes.	https://www.gov.uk/guidance/immigration-rules/immigration-rules-appendix-fm-family-members
Appendix FM-SE: Specified Evidence	Rules for financial documentation and other required evidence.	https://www.gov.uk/guidance/immigration-rules/immigration-rules-appendix-fm-se-family-members-specified-evidence
Family Policy: Partner route guidance	Home Office decision-making guidance for partner visa cases.	https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/immigration-directorate-instructions
Financial requirement guidance (Appendix FM 1.7)	Detailed Home Office guidance on the Minimum Income Requirement.	https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/family-migration-financial-requirement
English language for family visas	Government guidance on meeting the English language requirement.	https://www.gov.uk/english-language/family
Secure English Language Tests (SELT)	List of approved English test providers used for partner visas.	https://www.gov.uk/guidance/prove-your-english-language-abilities-with-a-secure-english-language-test-selt
Life in the UK Test	Official information for the test required at ILR and naturalisation.	https://www.gov.uk/life-in-the-uk-test